Global Outlook for Lens Care Solutions corn? Ennes This? Study? Econom? Metric focuses on the prospects for global solutions for contact lens care in over 200 countries. For each ann? Considers e? R? E, estimates are given? Are the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (PIE), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the share for percent of the country is the r? region and the world. These rep? Res comparative allow the reader? Quickly assess a country vis-?-Vis others. Using mod? The? Econom? Triques fundamental dynamic that project? Economic in each country and between countries, latent demand estimates are cr?? S. This report does not address players sp? Cific on the market? r? laying? latent demand, nor for? details sp? cific to the product level. The? Study does not whatever they want short-term cyclicality rer that could affect sales r? Alis? Are. L ‘? Study is therefore likely strat? Cal, taking a global view? long-term, independent? pendently players or products concern? s. That? Study did not report r? Given the El? Art sales (which are simply not available, a mani? Re comparable or compatible in almost total? 230 countries of the world). This? Study gives, however, my estimates for the latent demand in the world, or the EIP solutions for contact lens care. It shows? Also how the pie is divided? E between the market? Sr? Regional and national stakeholders in the world. For each country, I also show my estimates of the fa? It with g? Castle grows over time (positive growth or No? Ative). For Media Table these estimates, m? Ology in several? Tapes has? T? employee? which is often taught? e in courses on planning strat? ological? at the school u? Interior commerce. Excerpt WHAT latent demand and P. I. E.? The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The latent term refers g? N? Ally? something that is dormant, not observable or not yet r? alis?. Demand is the notion of quantity? ? An economic target population or market? required by diff? annuities hypothesis? its price, good quality, and distribution, among other factors. latent demand, by fools? fore, is common? tion of? finished by? economists as the industry earnings of a market? when the market? that becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, by fools? Fore, of potential industry earnings (PIE) or total revenues (not profit) if a market? is used a mani? re effective. It is g? N? Ally expressed? in total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The? Market?? is? over? a given level? of each? not value. There can be latent demand at the d? Tail at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the level of contents? Res initial registration res (the PIE of higher levels? Lev? S of each? Do value? As always smaller than the PIE of levels? lower levels? laugh on the m? me the value of each? does, assuming all levels maintain Profitability? minimum). For more information and to purchase a copy of your report, feel? Not hesitate? visit: http://www. bharatbook. com / s? tail. asp? id = 95259 & rt = worldview-for-Contact-Lens-Care Solutions. htmlRapports Related: Global Outlook for contact lenses and Lens Care Solutions http://www. bharatbook. com / s? tail. asp? id = 95258 & rt = worldview-for-Contact-Lens-and-Lens-Care Solutions. html? Eye on the Future: Key Trends 3D Display at SID Display Week http://www. bharatbook. com / s? tail. asp? id = 103482 & rt = Eye-on-the-Future-Key-3D-Display-Trends-?-Display-SID-Week. html? Or contact us at: Bharat Book Bureau T? l: +91 22 27578668 Fax: +91 22 27579131 E-mail: info @ bharatbook. com Website: www. bharatbook. com Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter. com/3bbharatbook
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World Outlook for Contact Lens Care Solutions
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Tropicana Products
Friday, August 27th, 2010History Anthony T. RossiAnthony T. Rossi (19001993) was born in Italy on the island of Sicily. He had the equivalent of a high school diploma, and immigrated to the United States when he was 21 years. He drove a taxi, was a grocer in New York, reared in Virginia, then moved to Florida in 1940 where he farmed and was a restaurateur. His first participation in the citrus industry in Florida was fresh fruit gift boxes sold by Macy’s and Gimbel’s department stores in New York City, New York.En 1947, Rossi moved to Palmetto, Florida and began filling fruit gift boxes and pots of fruit salad for salads under the name of the Manatee River Packing Company. As the industry grew fruit, the company moved to a larger location in East Bradenton, Florida and changed its name to the fruit industry. The ingredients of the fresh fruit salad in the menu of New York famous Waldorf-Astoria has been provided by Industry fruit. At the point east Bradenton, Rossi began producing frozen concentrated orange juice as a natural extension of the business section of fruit. Evolution of Tropicana Pure PremiumEn 1952, with growth of the company orange juice in front, Rossi bought Grapefruit Canning Company in Bradenton. Segments of fresh fruit and orange juice business has been so successful that it ceased production of boxes of fruit. It was developed in 1954 flash pasteurization, a process which quickly raises the temperature of the juice for a short period in order to preserve its fresh flavor. For the first time, consumers could have the fresh taste of pure not from concentrate juice in a package ready to serve chilled. The juice, Tropicana Pure Premium, became the flagship of the company. In 1957, the company changed its name to Tropicana Products, Inc. to reflect the increasing interest in the Tropicana brand. InnovationsArticle detailed Delivery: Train JuiceCette section needs additional citations for vérification.S it please help to improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009) Tropicana bought one million dollars in refrigerated trucks to deliver Pure Premium. Soon, 2,000 dairies made pure premium orange juice in the hands of consumers every morning. In 1958, a ship, S. S. Tropicana took 1. 5,000,000 gallons of juice in New York each week from the new base at Cape Canaveral, Florida. From 1960 to 1970, Tropicana used TOFC (trailer on flat car) to move the juice more efficace.En 1970, Tropicana orange juice was delivered as finished products by refrigerated cars in a round-trips per week from the Florida to Kearny, New Jersey. The following year, the company was operating two 65-car unit trains per week, each carrying about 1 million gallons of juice. The “Great White Juice Train” (the first unit train in the food industry, comprising 150,100 tons produced in the wagonload Alexandria, Virginia shops of Fruit Growers Express) service began on 7 June 1971, the 1,250-mile ( 2012 km) route. An additional 100 cars were quickly integrated into the fleet, and small mechanical refrigeration units were installed to maintain a constant temperature on hot days. In 2004, the fleet of 514 rail cars Tropicana traveled more than 35 million miles a method that is three times more fuel efficient than shipping methods. In the 21st century, trains CSX Tropicana Juice-have been the subject of efficacy studies and have received awards. They are considered good [examples?] In the modern rail transport can compete successfully with trucking and other modes of transport of perishable products. Going public and the expansion: 19691997Tropicana Products, Inc. went public in 1969. The stock has been sold over the counter, but gained a listing on the NYSE under the symbol TOJ. In the same year he became the first company in the citrus industry to operate its own manufacturing plastic contenant.Rossi Tropicana sold to Beatrice Foods in 1978. He then retired, and was inducted into the Hall of Fame of Florida Agricultural in 1987. According to Beatrice, Tropicana has the financial resources to develop more products. In 1985, Tropicana has launched Tropicana Pure Premium Orange Juice HomeStyle, which featured added pâte.Dans the 1960s, Tropicana history by being the first company to sell a bottle of orange juice from Florida Abroad . The company received its first order of 14,000 cases of orange juice at a trade fair European food industry in 1965, and France was the first country outside North America to enjoy the products has Tropicana.Béatrice been acquired by investment company Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in 1986, and Tropicana was sold to Seagram Company, Ltd.. In the decade that followed, they have introduced new creative juice drinks, including the Twister line of juice blends and bottled congelés.Dans the early nineties under Seagram, Tropicana has also begun to extend distribution to global markets. They formed a partnership with Kirin to treat and distribute the Kirin-Tropicana juices in Japan. Currently, the company was also the distribution of Tropicana Pure Premium in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, Argentina, Panama and Sweden. As the 1990s continued, Tropicana further expanded internationally, entering several other Latin American countries, Hong Kong and Chine.Seagram Beverage Group has acquired Dole juice business world in 1995, including marks of Dole North America, and Dole, Fruvita, Looza juices and nectars juice Bowl in Europe. Dole has been operated under Tropicana Dole Beverages North America and Tropicana Dole Beverages internationales.Jus Tropicana orange. Sold to PepsiCo and the twenty-first century: 1998resentTropicana was acquired by PepsiCo in 1998, which combined with the Dole brand for marketing purposes. He became the world’s largest producer of fruit juices marque.Citant decrease in crop productivity Florida orange, after the recent hurricanes, Tropicana orange now used in some of Brazil’s juice. JusTropicana Taking works with more than 400 plantations established in Florida, who are selected for the sandy soil conditions and irrigation practices leading. . The company is the largest buyer of Florida fruit and processes about 60 million boxes of fruit. Once the fruit is harvested, hand sorted and oranges are all the fruit doesn meet quality inspections is supprimé.Les oranges are washed and the orange oil is extracted from the bark of capturing the flavor of orange – which are then mixed in the juice of a consistent quality and flavor. The oranges are pressed and the juice is flash pasteurized fresh. Tropicana flash pasteurization developed to minimize the time the orange juice is exposed to heat while providing maximum nutrition and saveur.Oranges have a season of increasingly limited, and because there is a demand for year of juice, a unspecified quantity of juice (in part or potentially all) degassed and stored for future packaging in refrigerated tanks to maintain quality. Shells protect aseptic juice oxygen and light and keep the liquid at optimal temperatures just above freezing to maintain nutrition. It was reported that no deaerated juice taste like oranges, and must be supplemented with flavor packs before consumption which are derived from oils of orange and ethyl butyrate (butyric acid and ethanol) . Tropicana also uses small quantities of orange juice quality from Brazil to complete the harvest Floride.Les Tropicana orange juice used for its Fruit ripening seasons and the juice stored in aseptic tanks was stripped its taste is stored little juice mixed with fresh juice and a little natural oil present in orange peel and juice are blended to provide the juice tasting more consistent. Pasta can be mixed at this point also, as produit.Tropicana cardboard and plastic packaging are designed to maintain quality and freshness. Packaging materials juice to ensure the company stays fresh inside the package, preventing moisture and light outside affect its quality. RemaniementEn February 2009, Tropicana lit the design on all its board a new image created by the Arnell Group. The new image showed the real orange juice and redesigned to resemble the CAP outside of an orange. After less than two months and a 20% decline in sales, Tropicana back to its original design (the orange thread through the straw). Not-for-profit affiliationsEn 2008, Tropicana has joined forces with Cool Earth charity and started the campaign “Rainforest Rescue” among the people of the United States could buy special promotional packs of Tropicana and taken into the packaging code. For each code entered, 100 square feet of rainforest could be saved. The project is based in the corridor Ashaninka Peru, located in an arc of deforestation. In June 2009, more than 47 million square feet (nearly 2 square miles) had been sauvé.Avec the launch of the initiative Rainforest Rescue , Tropicana has tried to reduce their carbon footprint by encouraging the recycling of cardboard and support the Sustainable Forestry Initiative. productsThe Other examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and does not represent a worldwide view of the object. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the product page discussion.Pepsi flavored soft drinks called Tropicana Twister line of drinks Soda.Cette largely replaced Pepsi Slice. Tropicana also Fruit Snacks and smoothies United Kingdom. droitsTropicana Description holds sponsorship at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida, home to the baseball team Tampa Bay Rays. The name of the baseball team Bradenton Juice South Coast League is more or less related to Tropicana. socialTropicana Products Headquarters is based in Chicago. PepsiCo, the parent company of Tropicana, scheduled to begin moving employees in Tropicana’s existing facility in Chicago in the first quarter of 2004 . Tropicana PepsiCo moved to Chicago, so all its juice brands will be integrated into a unit based in Chicago.Jusqu ‘in 2004, Tropicana has its headquarters in the four-storey office building Rossi in Bradenton, Florida. The Class An office building, which was completed in 2002, went on the real estate market for $ 20 million in 2004. In 2007 it was sold to Beals Florida. The 149,000 square feet (13,800 m2) building has been renamed ER Beall Center. The Beall Center, which cost 33 million dollars to build, had an estimated $ 38 million in 2005. The old Tropicana building has a 10,000 square feet (930 m2) cafeteria , a 6000 square feet (560 m2) fitness center and a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) of meeting space. aussiJus See Train Links externesChicago portailFlorida portailEntreprises of portailAlimentation portailTropicana website officielTropicana official website belgeTropicana Site britanniqueTropicana official web page on PepsiCo UK & Smoothies IrelandTropicana page on PepsiCo UK & Rescue IrelandRainforest TropicanaCool EarthTropicana official website of the official website CanadaTropicana espagnolTropicana official website suisseFrance Vitaduo TropicanaCSX Transportation Website officielFlorida East Coast Railway Website officielTropicana Europe aseptic bottle filling line-bio SourcesRossi the classroom Florida Agriculture Fame 1987Rossi Sanna Barlow. (1986) Anthony T. Rossi, Christian and Entrepreneur: The Story of the Founder of Tropicana. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308 -4999-8 ^ Référencesabcdefghijklmn Tropicana Products, Inc. “^” Anthony Rossi, 92, founder and industry leader Tropicana, January 27, 1993 ^ Abc Nickel, K., Stout, M. & Snyder, L. (2003). A history of Tropicana. Tropicana Products, Inc. ^ Bonocore, Joseph J: “High” Italian-American. Page 167. iUniverse, 2005. Google Book Search. Retrieved May 26, 2009. ? ab “North America Tropicana “^” Zoom info “Retrieved May 29, 2009. ^” With crops in Florida Down Brazilian OJ Flow In, “May 5, 2007 ? abcde Grove Glass” ^ Rich, Jennifer. Peek Inside Giant Juice County famous, Bradenton Herald March 21, 2006. ? abc Alissa Hamilton. “Pressed: What you do not know the orange juice.” Yale University Press, 2009. ^ “3 Minute Ad Age”, February 26, 2009http: / / ^ newsroom. mbooth. com / Tropicana / CoolEarth-NewsReleases. htmlhttp: / / world-wire ^. com/news/0904220005. html ^ http://www. tropicanarainforest. com / p / manager? target = general & action getHome = 3610 & sid = ^ http://www. tropicanarainforest. com / p / manager? target = general & action = & sid = 3610 displayPage & pageId = 271 & version = ^ Cinformi Pepsi product, Retrieved 28.05.2009 ^ “Launch plots to rival PepsiCo smoothie” Innocent, 31/01/2008, 28/05/2009 RécupéréeQuigley ^, Kelly. “The home city of Tropicana AC.” Crain’s Chicago Business. December 2, 2003. Accessed December 23, 2009. ^ “Beall acquires Tropicana property in Bradenton. Tampa Bay Business Journal. Tuesday, January 2, 2007. Accessed December 23, 2009.Braga ^, Michael and Kevin McQuaid.” Bealls buys office space. ” Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Wednesday, January 3, 2007. Accessed December 23, 2009.v, d, ePepsiCo, IncorporatedAdministrateurs company: Indra Nooyi (President and CEO) Robert Allen Dina Dublon Victor Dzau Ray Hunt Alberto Martinez Ibargen Arthur Steven Reinemund Sharon Rockefeller James Schiro Franklin Thomas Cynthia Trudell River KingPepsi-Cola Diet Pepsi Pepsi Pepsi Pepsi Max Diet Pepsi Jazz ONE Kas Manzanita Sol Mirinda Mountain Dew Mug Root Beer Sierra Mist Slice AMP Energy Aquafina Ethos Water (licensed), Lipton (Iced Tea Brisk) (under license) No Fear (licensed) Ocean Spray (licensed) Frappuccino (licensed) Starbucks (licensed) SoBe ShaniFrito-Lay: Lay’s Tostitos Doritos Fritos Cheetos Ruffles Rold Gold Funyuns Sun Chips Cracker Jack Munchos Smartfood Oberto (distributed) Host Lay’s Stax Miss Vickie’s Munchies Walkers (No Salt Shake eighth Frazzles Monster Munch Wotsits) Sabritas Smith (Twisties Burger Rings Parker Nobby’s) Gamesa KurkureTropicana: Tropicana Dole (licensed) Naked CopellaQuaker Oats: Quaker Cap’n Crunch Instant Oatmeal Life of King Aunt Jemima Oh Vitaman Quispe’s Chewy Granola Rice-A-Roni ToddyGatorade: Gatorade Propel Fitness WaterRevenu Annual: $ 35. 1 billion (16% FY 2006) Employees: 168,000 Stock Symbol: NYSE: PEP Website: www. PepsiCo. com Categories: Tropicana | Companies established in 1947 | Companies based in businesses | established in Florida, Chicago, Illinois | Manatee County, Florida | PepsiCo brands | Orange sodasHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2009 | All articles Missing reference | All articles marked weasel-worded particularly sentences | Articles marked weasel wording of particular sentences in June 2009 | Articles with limited geographic scope | France-centric
Athabasca Oil Sands
Monday, August 23rd, 2010HistoryClassic Athabasca oil sands are named after the Athabasca River, which flows through the center of the deposit, and traces of heavy oil are readily observed on the river banks. Historically, the bitumen has been used by the Cree and Dene Aboriginal peoples to waterproof their canoes. The oil fields are located within the Treaty 8 First Nations and several of the region are involved in sables.sables Athabasca oil on the banks of the river, c. 1900Les Athabasca oil sands have been brought to the attention of European fur traders in 1719 when Wa-pa-su, a trader shouts, brought a sample of oil sands from the Hudson’s Bay Company post at York Factory on Hudson Bay, where Henry Kelsey was the manager. In 1778, Peter Pond, another fur trader and one of the founders of the rival North West Company, became the first European to see the Athabasca deposits after discovering the Methye port allowing access to resources rich fur of the Athabasca River system from the Hudson Bay watershed versants.En 1788, fur trader Alexander Mackenzie (who later discovered routes to both the Arctic and Pacific oceans in the region) wrote: “At about 24 miles (39 km) of the fork (the Athabasca and Clearwater) are some bituminous fountains including a pole 20 feet (6. 1 m) in length can be inserted without any resistance. The bitumen is liquid and when mixed with gum, resinous substance from the spruce gum serves Indian canoes. “He was followed in 1799 by David Thompson Map Maker and 1819 by the British naval officer Sir John Franklin.Sir John Richardson made the first geological evaluation of oil sands in 1848 on his way north in search of the lost Franklin expedition. The first survey sponsored by the government of the oil sands was launched in 1875 by John Macoun in 1883, GC Hoffman of the Geological Survey of Canada attempted separation of bitumen from oil sands using the water and stated that separate easily. In 1888, Dr. Robert Bell, director of the Geological Survey of Canada, told a Senate committee that “the evidence … Items on the existence of the Athabasca and Mackenzie valleys in the area of oil broadest America, if not the world. “In 1926, Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta developed a method for separating the hot water that became the basis of a thermal extraction process today. Several attempts to implement he had more or less success, but it was 1967 before the first commercially viable operation began with the opening of the Great Canadian Oil Sands (now Suncor) plant using surface water in the separation process developed by Dr. Earl W. Malmberg society suntan oils. bitumineuxLa sands production commercial production of oil from the Athabasca oil sands began in 1967 when Great Canadian Oil Sands Limited (then a subsidiary Sun Oil Company, but now an independent company called Suncor Energy) opened its first mine, producing 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m3 / d) of synthetic crude oil. development was inhibited by declining world oil prices and the second mine, operated by the Syncrude consortium, did not begin operating until 1978, after the oil crisis of 1973 has attracted the interest of investors. However, the price of oil subsided after, and although the energy crisis of 1979 because of oil prices reach new highs, the introduction of the National Energy by Pierre Trudeau discouraged foreign investment in the Canadian oil industry. During the 1980s, oil prices decreased to very low levels, causing serious downturn in the oil industry, and the third mine, operated by Shell Canada did not begin operating until 2003. However, due to higher oil prices since 2003, existing mines have been greatly expanded and new ones are prévus.Selon the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, 2005, production of crude bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands was as follows: 2005 Productionm3/jourbbl / jourSuncor mine31.000195.000Syncrude mine41.700262.000Mine Shell Canada26.800169.000Projets situ21.300134.000TOTAL120.800760.000En in 2006, production of oil sands production increased to 1. 126 million barrels per day (179,000 m3 / d) . The oil sands were the source of 62% of the total oil production in Alberta and 47% of all oil produced in Canada. The Alberta government believes that this level of production could reach 3 Mbbl / d (480,000 m3 / d) in 2020 and possibly 5 Mbbl / d (790,000 m3 / d) by 2030. futureEn production in December 2008, the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers has revised its forecast for crude oil from 2008 to 2020 take account of cancellations of projects and cutbacks due to falling prices in the second half of 2008. The revised estimates of Canada predicts that oil sands production will continue to grow, albeit at a slower pace than previously expected. It there would be minimal changes to the 2008-2012 generation, but by 2020 production would be 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m3 / d) less than its previous forecast. This would mean that the Canadian oil sands production increased from 1 . 2 million barrels per day (190,000 m3 / d) in 2008-3. 3 million barrels per day (520,000 m3 / d) in 2020, and that the Canadian production of oil should increase from 2. 7-4. 1 million barrels per day (430,000 to 650,000 m3 / d) in 2020. Even taking account of cancellations of projects, it puts us among the four or five largest oil producers in the world by 2020. In early December 2007, London-based BP and Calgary based Husky Energy announced a 50/50 joint venture to produce and refine bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands. BP would contribute its Toledo, Ohio refinery to joint venture, while contributing his Husky Sunrise oil sands project. Sunrise has been planned to start producing 60,000 barrels per day (9,500 m3 / d) of bitumen in 2012 and may reach 200,000 barrels / day (30,000 m3 / d) d ‘2015-2020. BP modify its refinery in Toledo to treat 170,000 barrels / day (27,000 m3 / d) of bitumen directly on refined products. The joint venture would solve problems for both companies, since Husky was short of refining capacity, and BP had no presence in the oil sands. There was a change of strategy for BP, because the company has always downplayed the sands bitumineux.À mid-December 2007 ConocoPhillips has announced plans to increase its oil sands production of 60,000 barrels per day (9,500 m3 / d) 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m3 / d) during the next 20 years, which would make the largest private sector oil sands producer in the world. ConocoPhillips currently has the largest position in the oil sands in Canada with more than 1 million acres (4,000 km2) under the lease. Other major producers sands planning to increase production include Royal Dutch Shell (to 770,000 barrels / day (122,000 m3 / d) Syncrude Canada (550,000 barrels / day (87,000 m3/day) Suncor Energy (500,000 bbl / day ( 79,000 m3 / d) and Canadian Natural Resources (500,000 bbls / day (79,000 m3/day). If all these projects materialize, these five companies are likely to produce more than 3 3. million barrels (500,000 m3 / d) oil sands by 2028.Major Athabasca Oil Sands Projects (in December 2007) Name projetTypePrincipaux partenairesNationalAffiliation2007 Production (barrels / day) Planned production (barrels / day) of SuncorPrincipalement minesSuncor EnergyCanada239.100500.000SyncrudeExploitation minièreSyncrudeCanada (some states USA) 307.000550.000Albian SandsExploitation minièreShell (60%), Chevron (20%), Marathon (20%) United Kingdom / Netherlands, United Unis136.000770.000MacKay RiverSAGDPetro-CanadaCanada30.000190.000Fort HillsExploitation minièrePetro Canada (60 %), UTS Energy (20%), Teck (20%) Canada140.000Foster Creek, Christina LakeSAGDL’énergie EnCana (50%), ConocoPhillips (50%), Canada, United Unis6000400.000 SurmontSAGDTotal SA (50%), ConocoPhillips (50%), France, United Unis193.000HangingstoneSAGDJapan Canada Oil Sands (JACOS) Japon800030.000Long LakeSAGDNexen (65%), OPTI Canada (35%) and in mining Canada240.000HorizonExtraction situCanadian Natural Resources LimitedCanada500.000Jackfish I and IISAGDDevon EnergyUSA? ? 70.000Northern LightsExploitation minièreTotal SA (60%), Sinopec (40%) France, Chine100.000KearlExploitation minièreImperial Oil ExxonMobilUSA300.000Lever soleilSAGDHusky of Energy (50%), BP (50%), Canada, United Uni200.000FichuSAGDHusky EnergyCanada?? bitumineuxExtraction 30.000Projet sands mining and SAGDTotal SA (76%), Oxy (15%), Inpex (10%), France, USA, Japon225.000Ells RiverSAGDChevron (60%), Marathon (20%), Shell (20%), States United, United Kingdom / Netherlands Bas100.000Terre de GrâceSAGDInc creation valeurCanada300.000Kos Kai DehsehSAGDStatoilNorvège200.000 goldmine noirMines? Korean Society National OilCorée30.000 Total726.1005.068.000 DéveloppementLa main feature of the Athabasca deposit is that it is shallow enough to only be suitable for surface mining. Approximately 10% of the Athabasca oil sands are covered by at least 75 meters (246 ft) of overburden. The mineable area as defined by the Alberta government covers 37 contiguous townships (about 3,400 km2 / square 1300 miles) north of the city of Fort McMurray. The overburden consists of 1 to 3 meters of water-logged Muskeg on top of 0-75 feet of clay and barren sand, while the underlying oil sands are generally 40-60 feet thick and rests on relatively flat limestone rocks. Because of the ease of access, the first oil sands mine was started by Great Canadian Oil Sands Limited (a predecessor company of Suncor Energy) in 1967. Syncrude mine (the largest mine in the world at 191 km 2) [edit] followed in 1978, and the mine Albian Sands (operated by Shell Canada) in 2003. These three mines are associated with bitumen upgraders that convert the unusable bitumen into synthetic crude oil for shipment to refineries in Canada and the United States. At Albian, recovery Scotford is located 439 km south. bitumen diluted with a solvent is transferred into a 610 millimeter (24 inch) pipeline corridor. bitumeprocessus extraction of main article: Extracting oil sands # The original process extraction of bitumen from the sands was developed by Dr. Karl Clark, working with the Alberta Research Council in the 1920s. Today, all producers to make surface mining, such as Syncrude Canada, Suncor Energy and Albian Sands Energy etc., use a variant of the hot water extraction Clark (Chwee) process. In this process, ores are mined using open pit mining technology. The ore is then ground to reduce the size. The hot water at 50 80 C is added to the ore and sludge formed is transported through the line hydrotransport a primary separation vessel (PSV), where the bitumen is recovered by flotation as bitumen froth. The foamed bitumen recovered is made of 60% bitumen, 30% water and 10% solids by weight. The foam bitumen recovered must be cleaned to reject the solids and water to meet the requirement the downstream upgrading processes. Depending on the content of bitumen in the ore, between 90 and 100% of the bitumen can be recovered using modern techniques of extraction of hot water. After extraction of oil, sand worn and other materials are then returned to the mine, which finally récupérée.Plus recently, in situ methods, such as gravity drainage by steam (SAGD) and cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) have been developed to extract bitumen from deep deposits by injecting steam to heat the oil and reduce the viscosity of the bitumen so it can be pumped as crude oil extraction process classique.Le standard requires huge amounts of natural gas . Currently, the oil sands industry consumes about 4% of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin natural gas. In 2015, this may increase. 2 5 fois.Selon the National Energy Board, it need about 1,200 cubic feet (34 m3) of natural gas to produce one barrel of bitumen from in situ projects and about 700 cubic feet (20 m3) for integrated projects. Since a barrel of oil equivalent is about 6000 cubic feet (170 m3), which represents a substantial gain in energy. This being the case, it is likely that regulators in Alberta will reduce natural gas exports to the United States to provide fuel to oil sands plants. As gas reserves are exhausted, however, recovery of oil will likely move to bitumen gasification to produce their own fuel. Similarly, bitumen can be converted into crude oil synthetic, it can also be converted to natural gas synthétique.extraction situ on a commercial scale has only just begun. A project nearing completion, the Long Lake project is designed to provide its own fuel, by the site hydrocracking of bitumen. Long Lake Phase 1 is to extract 13,000 barrels of bitumen per day from July 2008, crawls towards a target of 72,000 in late 2009. and “upgrading” of liquid petroleum bitumen in 2007, production of 60,000 barrels per day of oil available. Hydrocracking is planned to complete implementation in September 2008. environnementVoir Impacts also: Environmental issues surrounding the bitumineuxLes sands mining operations in the Tar Sands Athabasca. The image shows the Athabasca River about 600m from the tailings pond. NASA Earth Observatory photo, 2009.The critics argue that government and industry measures to minimize environmental and health risks posed by the operation large-scale mining are inadequate, causing damage to the natural environment. objective discussion of impacts on the environment has often been obscured by the arguments of polarization of the industry and advocacy groups. TerreEnviron 20% Oil Sands Alberta is recoverable by open pit mining, while 80% require in-situ extraction technologies (largely because of their depth). Surface mining destroys the boreal forest and muskeg. The Alberta government requires companies to restore the land to “equivalent land capability.” This means that the ability of land to support various land uses after reclamation is similar to what existed, but individual land uses are not necessarily identical. In certain circumstances, including the government considers agricultural land should be equivalent to the land of forests. oilsands companies have reclaimed mined land to use as pasture for wood bison instead of returning to the original boreal forest and muskeg. Syncrude says they have recovered 22% of land disturbed. EauUn Pembina Institute report stated: “To produce one cubic meter of bitumen (m3) Synthetic crude oil (SCO) (updated) in a mining operation requires about 24. 5 m3 of water (net). Approved oil sands are currently licensed to divert 359 million m3 of river Athabasca, more than twice the volume of water required to meet the annual needs of municipalities in the City of Calgary. “and added” … the net water requirements to produce one cubic meter of oil with in situ ( emphasis added) production may be as little as 0. 2 m3, depending on how much is recycled. “Jeffrey Simpson of The Globe and Mail, paraphrasing the report, saying:” One cubic meter of oil sands, needs two to four. 5 cubic meters of water. The Athabasca River runs 1231 km from the Athabasca Glacier in west-central Alberta to Lake Athabasca in northern Alberta. The average annual flow just downstream Fort McMurray is 633 cubic meters per second, with its highest daily average measuring 1200 cubic meters of water seconde.attributions licenses totaling approximately 1% of the Athabasca River flows on average. Use real terms in 2006 was about 0. 4%. In addition, the Alberta government imposes strict limits on how much water oil sands companies can remove from the Athabasca River. Under the framework for water management Lower Athabasca River during periods of consumption of river water with low flow of the Athabasca River is limited to 1. 3% of annual average flow. The province of Alberta is also seeking cooperation agreements between removing the oil sands. the use of natural gas and greenhouse gas Serrell processing bitumen into synthetic crude oil requires energy and this energy is currently produced by burning natural gas, releasing carbon dioxide . In 2007, oil sands, used about 1 billion cubic feet of natural gas daily, about 40% of total consumption in Alberta. Based on purchases of gas, natural gas requirements are given by the Institute Canadian energy resources. 2 14 GJ (2. 04 million cubic feet) per barrel projects for cyclic steam stimulation, 1. 08 GJ (1. 03 million cubic feet) per barrel for SAGD projects , 0. 55 GJ (0 52. MCF) per barrel for bitumen extraction in mining operations excluding the upgrade or 1. 54 GJ (1 47. MCF) per barrel for extraction and updating farm level minière.Les growth forecast of synthetic crude oil production in Alberta also threatens Canada’s international commitments. In ratifying the Kyoto Protocol, Canada agreed to reduce, by 2012, emissions greenhouse gas emissions by 6% compared to 1990. In 2002, total emissions of greenhouse gas emissions had increased by 24% since 1990. sands production contributed 3. 4% of Canadian gas Greenhouse 2003.Classée eighth in the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions, Canada is a relatively large emitter given its population and is missing its Kyoto targets. A major Canadian initiative called the Integrated CO2 Network ( ICO2N) proposed a system for capturing large-scale transport and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). ICO2N members represent a group of industry participants by providing a framework for carbon capture and development of storage in Canada, first using it to enhance oil recovery. Nuclear energy has also been proposed as a way to generate the necessary energy without releasing greenhouse gases. PopulationLes the Athabasca oil sands are located in the northern part of the Canadian province of Alberta, near the town of Fort McMurray. The area is only sparsely populated, and in the late 1950s he was primarily a wilderness outpost a few hundred those whose main economic activities include trapping and removal of salt. In a population of 37,222 in 1996, the boomtown of Fort McMurray and the region (known as the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo) increased 79,810 persons 2006, including a population “shadow” of 10,442 living in work camps, leaving the community struggling to provide services and housing for migrant workers, many of Eastern Canada including Newfoundland. Fort McMurray has ceased to be an incorporated city in 1995 and is now an urban service area within Wood Buffalo. pétroleÉnergie Estimated reserves of the Alberta Government and Utilities Board (EUB) estimated in 2007 that nearly 173 billion barrels (27. 510 ^ 9 m3) of crude bitumen are economically recoverable from the three areas of oil sands in Alberta on the benchmark price of WTI market of $ 62 per barrel in 2006, amounting to a provided 69 per barrel in 2016 with current technology. This equates to approximately 10% of the 1,700 billion barrels (27 010 ^ 9 m3) of bitumen in place. In fact, WTI prices exceeded $ 133 in May 2008. Alberta believes that the Athabasca deposits alone contain 35 billion barrels (5. 610 ^ 9 m3) of bitumen surface mineable and 98 billion barrels (15. 610 ^ 9 m3) of bitumen recoverable by in situ methods . These estimates of Canada’s reserves were doubted when they were first published, but is now widely accepted by the international petroleum industry. This book proved reserves of Canada placed second in the world behind Saudi Arabia. Syncrude Mildred Lake mine site and usineLa method of calculating economically recoverable reserves which have produced these estimates was adopted because conventional methods of accounting for reserves gave numbers more and more sense. They showed that Alberta has been running out of oil at a time when the rapid increase in oil sands production were more than offsetting declines in conventional oil, and in fact most of Alberta’s oil production is now unconventional oil. estimates of conventional oil reserves are really calculations of the geological risk of drilling for oil, but oil sands there is very little geological risk because they are flush with the surface and are easy to locate. With higher oil prices since 2003, the economic risk of low oil prices has been réduite.L Alberta believes that assuming a recovery rate of about 20% bitumen in place, while the oil companies, by gravity drainage using steam (SAGD) bitumen extraction method report that they can recover over 60% with little effort. Only 3% of initial established reserves of crude bitumen were produced since commercial production began in 1967. production rate in 2015, about 3 million barrels per day (48 010 ^ 3 m3 / d), the oil sands of Athabasca reserves would last over 170 years. However, these production levels need an influx of workers in an area that until recently was virtually uninhabited. In 2007, this need in northern Alberta has led the unemployment rate in Alberta and British Columbia adjacent to the lowest level in the history. As far as the Atlantic provinces, where workers go to work in Alberta, the unemployment rate fell to levels not seen for over a hundred ans.L Venezuelan Orinoco Oil Sands site may contain sand Athabasca oil more. However, while the Orinoco deposits are less viscous and easier to produce using conventional techniques (the Venezuelan government prefers to call “extra-heavy oil), they are too deep to access by surface mining. ÉconomieMalgré substantial reserves, the cost of extracting oil from tar sands has always made the oil sands production cost unprofitablehe to sell the crude oil does not cover the direct costs of recovery work at the mine sand and fuel to extract the oil price brut.Les 1996-2008 (unadjusted for inflation) in mid-2006, the National Board of Canada has estimated the cost of operations a new mining in the Athabasca oil sands to C $ 9 to $ 12 Cdn a barrel, while the cost of an in-situ SAGD (using two horizontal wells) would be $ 10 to C $ 14 per barrel. This compares operating costs of conventional oil wells, which can vary from less than a dollar a barrel in Iraq and Saudi Arabia for more than six U.S. and Canadian oil reserves classique.Le capital cost of the equipment needed to mine sand and transport it to treatment is an important factor in starting production. The NEB estimates that capital costs increase the total production cost C 18 to C $ 20 per barrel to a new mining operation and C $ 18 C $ 22 per barrel for a SAGD operation. This does not include the cost of upgrading the raw bitumen into synthetic crude oil This makes the final cost C $ 36 to $ 40 Canadian per barrel for a new operating minière.Par Therefore, although high oil prices make the cost of production very attractive, the price slump leaves producers unable costslthough recover their capital firms are well funded and can tolerate long periods of low prices since the capital has already been spent and they can usually cover the operating costs supplémentaires.Cependant, development of commercial production is facilitated by the fact that exploration costs are very low. These costs are an important factor in assessing the economics of drilling a conventional oil field. The location of oil in the oil sands are well known and an estimate recovery costs can usually be done easily. There is no one else in the world, with energy deposits of similar magnitude which would make it less likely that plants would be confiscated by a hostile government nationally, or be threatened by war or révolution.En due to higher oil prices since 2003, the economy of oil sands operations have improved considerably. In a world price of U.S. $ 50 a barrel, the NEB has estimated an integrated mining would yield a rate of 16-23%, while a SAGD operation would be 16-27%. Prices have increased since 2006, exceeding U.S. $ 145 in mid- 2008. Accordingly, capital expenditures in the oil sands announced for the period 2006-2015 should exceed C $ 100 billion, twice the amount expected as recently as 2004. However, due to a shortage of acute labor has developed in Alberta, it is unlikely that all these projects can be accomplies.À Currently the Fort McMurray area has seen the greatest impact of increased activity in sands. Although jobs are plentiful, housing is scarce and expensive. People seeking work often arrive in the region without arranging accommodation, driving up the price of accommodation. The area is isolated, only a two-lane highway linking the rest of the province, and there is pressure on the government of Alberta to improve road links as well as hospitals and other infrastructures.Malgré all corporate efforts to move as many construction work as possible out of the Fort McMurray, Alberta and even the shortage of skilled workers is spreading to the rest of the province.. Even without the oil sands, Alberta’s economy is strong but the oil sands development has led to the strongest period of economic growth ever recorded by a Canadian province. géopolitiqueLes importance of the Athabasca oil sands are now an important place in international trade negotiations, with rivals Energy China and the United States to negotiate with Canada for a greater share of oil sands production is increasing rapidly. Output in the oil sands is expected to quadruple between 2005 and 2015, reaching 4,000,000 barrels / day, increasing their political and economic weight. Currently, most tar sands production is exported to the United States Unis.Un agreement has been signed between PetroChina and Enbridge to build a 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3 / d) pipeline
Grade A Projects
Thursday, August 19th, 2010Literature study guides and California Mission guides for fourth grade projects. E-books delivered immediately (for procrastinators).
Grade A Projects
Juggling Homeschooling and Growing A Home-Based Businesses
Wednesday, August 11th, 2010Many working moms find it difficult to return home after a long day at work and then still make dinner check homework, bathing children, reading a bedtime story, clean the house, and list goes on. Now imagine trying to run your home business AND home of your Kindergartner. How can it be done? Good planning is essential to the performance of any home business. This is particularly necessary when homeschooling at the same time. It is important to set aside time each day for work tasks and academic tasks. Here are some things that can be done to integrate the school-house in everyday life: Math – Make a batch of pancakes for breakfast and your child to help you. As you measure the ingredients together, your child learns math concepts and you’ll both enjoy breakfast together. Social Studies – Take a half day off and take a trip to a local museum. Language Arts – during your morning break of 15 minutes, help your child practice writing letters. EP – Take a break from the afternoon of 15 minutes, go outside and throw a ball with your child. Science – Teach your child’s teeth during brushing teeth at bedtime. There are many opportunities to teach your children that are easy to implement while working at home. There are times during my break when I iron around while my daughter is reading aloud to me or work on a spreadsheet. While cooking dinner, she can be close to the practice table to write or work on a craft project. When we’re driving in town, we discuss what we see – signs, buildings in the neighborhoods, the animals, we might see. At the grocery store for your child can help you keep score, choose red apples, pointing how much is spent. Take a walk, go to the park, visit the library. Other resources we use include Sid the Science Kid on PBS. This half-hour show teaches young people about science through play. Then your child can go online and play games Sid the Science Kid and learn more. While I encourage you to spend time with your child to do these activities, sometimes it is good to know they can do these activities and even learn while you’re busy working on a client project. My husband and I both worked at home for three years – since our daughter two years. Not only did she learn to read by three of our businesses have increased. Yes, it can be difficult at times. Some days are more productive than others. But with proper planning in place and see the daily tasks as an opportunity to teach our children, we can juggle homeschooling and develop our business successfully. Are you homeschooling and running a home business? What advice would you share? * You are welcome to reprint this article provided the author bio is included.
Make a Search Engine in PHP and MySQL
Thursday, July 29th, 2010Why would you do a search anyway? There is already a search engine to rule them all. You can use Google to find anything in the Internet and I doubt you’ll ever have the same computing and storage capacity as the general G. So why do your own search engine? To earn money of course!. . . and become famous as the creator of the next big search engine or because as a programmer or if you like engineering challenges. Doing a search engine for the Internet audience is tricky and if you’re like me you love solving difficult problems. The third application is a measure of high-speed search site for you largethousands site pages. A search engine will be indexed much faster thana full text search function and if the search site Google is not flexible enoughfor your site, you can do your own search feature. THE BASICS OF SEARCHThe basis of any search engine is a BIG word index web page, essentially a long list of words and how they relate to different Web pages. To make a search engine that you have to do four things: Decide what pages to extract and recover analyze words, phrases and links to the Assign a score to each word or phrase indicating how the phrase refers to the pages and store the index scores search engine provides a way for users to query the index and a list of relevant Web pages is not difficult for an experienced programmer. It can be done in one day, if you know regular expressions and have some experience with HTML and databases. Now you have a working search engine, simply add a large number of computers and hard drives and you’ll soon have all the indexes of the Internet. If you’re not ready to go to that one terabyte disk will hold a rating of about 50 million pages. How to score PAGESAfter fulfill a research base there are a lot of work before anyone does want to use your new machine. An index is not enough. What challenge is how to score pages give the user the search results most relevant to his idea of what salvation is looking for. You’ll need to decide how much weight to put on keywords in the tag tile, description and main content of the webpage. To make a good score, you’ll also want to stimulate keywords in the URL of the page and check the anchor text of incoming links. Keep track of incoming links is the most useful and most demanding of the above, you’ll need to keep a table separate database with information on all links between your index pages. WHAT index and DO NOT INDEXOther obstacles you find when you start indexing the actual content on the Internet is the fact that there are unnecessary quantities of scrap were floating around everywhere and finally by the index will become full-mails, affiliate pages, parked domains, work in progress’ home pages without content, link farms used by search engine optimizers, mirror sites using data feeds to create thousands of pages with product announcements or other content reproduced etc, etc.. . During indexing of the Internet, you will find ways to filter unwanted content from what people are actually reading and research. For starters, you could limit the depth in subdirectories you crawl, hop how to link from an index page of domain you explore and how many links per page to allow web. ANALYSIS WEBSITESThere a million ways, both right and wrong to write in HTML and when you index the Internet, you’ll need to manage each of them. When analysis of keywords from the pages you need to manage not only the standard full HTML, but also all non-standard means which is informally supported by Internet browsers. To be able to read all the pages you will also need to analyze javascript client side handle frames, CSS and iframes. This is a great deal of work on a general search engine, to be able to read all kinds of content. Why so many URLs? Finally, you’ll need to face the fact that many websites have many links pointing to the same Web page. Just look at this example: dmoz. orgwww. DMOZ. orgdmoz. org / index. htmlwww. DMOZ. org / index. htmlall these URLs point to the same Web page. If you are not a special code to manage that you will soon have 4 results in the search engines (one for each URL) everything is on the same page. Users will not like you. There is also the possibility of query strings where a session ID after the question mark in the URL will create almost infinite URL for the same Web page. Google. com? SID = 4434324325325google. com? SID = 4387483748377google. com? SID = 7654565644466To the search engine, there will be a very large number of pages all containing the same content. The quick solution is of course not to index pages that include a query string. Or to remove the query string from the pages. This works but also removes a lot of legitimate content (think forums) from your index. You now have all the information you need to do a search engine site. If you go to an Internet search engine in general there are many more details that you need to include. Like robots. txt, site map, redirects, proxies, recognizing the types of content, advanced algorithms, classification and processing terabytes of data. I’ll cover in more detail in a forthcoming article. Good luck with your project following search engine. engine algorithms.
Washington Metro
Sunday, July 25th, 2010HistoireMetro under construction at the shipyard in 1989Pendant the 1960s, there were plans for a massive highway system in Washington, but the opposition to this freeway system grew. Harland Bartholomew, who chaired the National Capital Commission planning, the thought of a rail transit system will never be self-sufficient because of low density land use and the general decline of public transport. Finally, a concept of a mixed system with radial Capital Beltway railway line has been agreed. The Beltway received full funding, funding for the Inner Loop highway ambitious system has been partially reallocated to the construction of the system métro.Intersection vaults of the ceiling at the Metro Center, a transfer importantsEn 1960, the federal government created the National Capital Transportation Agency to develop a rapid rail system. In 1966, a bill creating WMATA was adopted by the federal government, the District of Columbia, Virginia and Maryland, with power system planning for the transfer to it of the NCTA. Inside a rehabilitated BredaWMATA car has approved plans for a 98-mile (158 km) regional in 1968 and construction began in 1969 with the revolutionary December 9. The system opened March 27, 1976, 4. 6 miles (7 km) on the red line with five stations in Rhode Island Avenue Farragut North, all in the District of Columbia. Arlington County, Virginia, was linked to the system by July 1, 1976, Montgomery County, Maryland on February 6, 1978, Prince George’s County, Maryland, November 20, 1978, and Fairfax County, Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia, on December 17, 1983. The 103-mile system (166 km), 83-station was completed with the opening segment of the Green Line to Branch Avenue January 13, 2001 . This does not mean the end of the growth system: a 3. 22-mile (5. 18 km) extension of the Blue Line to Largo Town Center and Morgan Boulevard opened on December 18, 2004. The first filling station in New York Avelorida Aveallaudet U on the Red Line between Union Station and Rhode Island Ave-Brentwood, opened November 20, 2004, and planning is underway for an expansion of Dulles Airport. Station display indicating the estimated wait times for trains to metro venirConstruction needed billions of dollars the federal government initially provided by Congress under the authority of the Transportation Act of the National Capital in 1969 (Public Law 91-143). The cost was paid with federal funds 90% and 10% in local currency. This law was amended January 3, 1980, Public Law 96-184, “The National Capital Transportation Amendment of 1979″ (also known as the Stark-Harris) Act, which authorized additional funding $ 1. 7000000000 to enable the completion of 89 years. 5 miles (144. 0 km) system as provided under a full funding grant agreement with WMATA executed in July 1986, which requires 25% to be paid from local funds. On November 15, 1990, Public Law 101-551, “The National Capital Transportation Amendments of 1990, authorized an additional $ 1. 3 billion of federal funds for the construction of 13 others. 5 miles (21. 7 km) System 103-mile (166 km) completed by the execution of grant agreements of full funding, with a% 63% federal/37 corresponding local.La highest attendance for one day was the day of the inauguration of Barack Obama January 20, 2009, with 1.12 million riders. It beat the previous record set the previous day, 866,681 trips. June 2008 set several records goodwill: it is the record number of users one month of 19,729,641 riders in total, the record for highest attendance with 772,826 average weekday trips during the week, had five of ten days the number of users, and had 12 days of the week in which the number of users exceeds 800,000 on ADPIC.En February 2006, Metro officials have chosen Randi Miller, an employee of car dealership Woodbridge, Virginia, a new record “open doors”, “closed doors” and “please stand clear of the door, thank you” ad after winning a competition to replace recorded messages by Sandy Carroll in 1996. métroVoir network also: List of metro stations of WashingtonSystème cartescarte stylized existing lines and stations, based on the official map of the network to publiéeCarte échelleDepuis its opening in 1976, the metro network has grown to include five lines, 86 stations and 106. 3 miles (171. 1 km) of track. The rail network is designed as a model distribution hub-spoke, railway lines running between downtown Washington and its suburbs. The system makes extensive use of interlining, running more than one service on the same track. There are five lines of operation and a line under construction: Name LineOuvertStationsTerminiRed Line197627Shady Grove – GlenmontBlue Line197727Franconiapringfield – Downtown LargoLigne Orange197826Vienne / Fairfax-GMU – New CarrolltonLigne Jaune198317Huntington – Fort Totten / Mt Vernon Center St. Sq/7th ConventionGreen Line199121Direction Ave – Belt verdureSilver Line (under construction) 201323Route 772 – Stadium-ArmoryIl are 40 stations in the District of Columbia, 14 in Prince George’s County, 12 in Montgomery County, 11 in Arlington County, 6 in Fairfax County and 3 in the city of Alexandria. The Silver Line to add 11 new stations, 8 in Fairfax County and 3 in Loudoun County, Virginie.Environ 50 miles (80 km) of track is underground metro, and 47 of the 86 stations. Track metro runs mainly in the district and the suburbs with high density. tracking area accounts for about 46 miles (74 km) of the total, and the air is 9 miles (14 km). At 196 feet (60 m) below the surface, the Forest Glen station on the red line is the deepest in the system. There are no escalators, high speed elevators take 20 seconds to travel the street from the station platform. The Wheaton station, near Forest Glen station on the Red Line has the second longest escalator in the world-continuous, the longest in the Western Hemisphere at 230 feet (70 m). The Rosslyn station is the deepest station on the Orange / Blue Line to 97 feet (30 meters) below street level. The station has the third longest continuous escalator in the world-205 feet (62 m) and a stair tower between street level and mezzanine level is nearly two minutes.The system is not centered on a single station, but Metro Center is at the intersection of the Red Cross, orange and blue lines, the three busiest lines. The resort is also home to WMATA main sales office. Metro has identified five other base stations “that have a high volume of passengers, including: Gallery Placehinatown Transfer Station for red, green and yellow lines; L’Enfant Plaza transfer station for Orange, blue, green and yellow lines, Union Station, the busiest station boarding passengers; Farragut North and Farragut West. In order to address the high number of passengers in transfer stations, Metro is studying the possibility of creating links between the Pedestrian basic transfer stations. For example, a passage of 750 feet (230 m) between Metro Center and Gallery Place stations allow passengers to transfer between the orange / blue and yellow / green Lines will without a stop on the red line. Another tunnel between Farragut West and Farragut North stations allow transfers between the Red and Orange / Blue lines, the decrease in transfer request at the Metro Center in about 11%. Métro runs the configuration special services on holidays and when events in Washington may require additional services. Independence Day activities need to address Metro services to provide additional capacity and the National Mall. WMATA made similar adjustments at other events such as presidential inaugurations. Metro has changed some service stations and used as inputs or outputs to help to manage congestion. roulantArticle detailed equipment: Washington Metro equipment roulantTrain Rohr cars arriving at the station CheverlyMetro fleet consists of 1126 cars, each 75 feet (23 meters) long. The trains have a maximum speed of 59 mph (95 km / h) and an average of 33 miles per hour (53 km / h) including stops . All the cars run as married couples (consecutively numbered even-odd), with systems shared between the pair. Metro currently operates 850 cars at peak hours. 814 cars are on active duty, and the other 36 cars composing train gap to serve as backup if experience problems train.le metro rolling stock was acquired in six phases, and each version of the car is identified with a distinctive serial number. The initial order for 300 cars (290 are in service from June 2009 [update]) was manufactured by Rohr Industries, with final delivery in 1978. These cars are numbered 10,001,299 and were rehabilitated in the mid-1990s. Breda Costruzioni Ferroviari (Breda) built the second order of 76 cars delivered in 1983 and 1984. These cars, numbered 20,002,075, have been rehabilitated in the early 2000s by Alstom in Hornell, New York. A third order of 288 cars, also from Breda, were delivered between 1984 and 1988. These cars are numbered 30,003,291 and have been rehabilitated by Alstom in the early 2000s. An order for 100 cars from Breda, numbered 40,004,099, were delivered between 1992 and 1994. A fifth order of 192 cars has been manufactured by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) of Spain. These cars are numbered and 50,005,191 were delivered between 2001 and 2004. A sixth order of 184 cars from Alstom Transport has been delivered between 2005 and 2007. The cars are nuts built in Barcelona, Spain completed assembly in Hornell, New York.La 7000 series cars, currently in development, are expected to go into service early in 2012. The new cars will be different from previous models in that they function as quads instead of pairs. The new design will allow for passenger capacity has increased, the elimination of redundant equipment, greater efficiency and lower maintenance costs. Metro plans eventually to buy up to 748 cars to increase system capacity and to replace its old equipment. exploitationArticle Signaling and detailed: Washington Metro signaling and exploitationPendant the normal functioning of passengers on inland revenue, the trains are controlled by an integrated system automatic train operation and automatic train control system that accelerates and brakes the train automatically without operator intervention. However, all trains are manned with train operators who close the doors (they can be set to automatically open) making announcements in the station, and monitor their trains. The operator can drive a train manually if necessary. SécuritéArticle detailed Metro Transit Police Departmentplanificateurs Metro has designed the system with passenger safety and order maintenance than paramount considerations.’s open design and vaulted ceiling obstructions stations on limited platforms allow little opportunity to conceal criminal activities. Station platforms are built far from the station walls to limit vandalism and provide a diffused Station recessed lighting. Metro attempts to reduce crime, combined with the way the environments of the station have been designed with crime prevention in mind has helped Metro is among the safest and cleanest subway systems in the United States Unis.Metro is patrolled by its own police force, which is responsible for ensuring the safety of passengers and employees. Transit Police officers patrol the subway and the metro, and they have competence and powers of arrest throughout the Metro service area in 1500 square miles (3,900 km2) for crimes that occur on or against the authority of transit facilities, or within 150 feet (46 m) a cessation of Metrobus. The Metro Transit Police Department is the police that the U.S. has authority to local police in three different “state” at court (the Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia). Each city and county in the metro service area has similar ordinances that regulate or prohibit vending on property owned by Metro, which prohibit riders from eating, drinking or smoking in the subway trains, buses and stations The traffic police have a reputation for applying these laws rigorously. A high profile case occurred in 2000 when police arrested a 12 year old girl for eating French fries in the Tenleytown-AU station. In a Notice 2004 by John Roberts, now Chief Justice of the United States, the DC Circuit Court of Appeals confirmed the arrest of the girl. Meanwhile, WMATA had replied in the negative publicity by adopting a policy of first issuing warnings to minors, and their arrest after three offenses an.politique a zero tolerance of Metro on food waste and other sources of disorder embodies the windows “broken” philosophy of reducing crime. This philosophy also applies to the use of toilets station. A long-standing policy aimed at curbing illegal and unwanted activities, was not to allow employees to use the toilet at the subway. managers Stations can make exceptions for passengers with small children, elderly or disabled. Métro now allows the use of toilets by passengers who obtain approval from a station master, except during periods of increased terror alerts. bagagesLe random searches of 27 October 2008, Metro Transit Police Department has announced its intention to immediately begin random searches of backpacks, handbags and other bags. Transit police randomly search riders before making a bus or entering a station. He also explained his intention to stop anyone acting suspiciously. Metro argues that the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decision in MacWade v. Kelly, who confirmed the random searches in the subways of New York City Metro Transit Police will take similar measures. Metro Transit Police Chief Michael Taborn said that if someone were to turn around and simply enter the system by another stairs or elevator, Metro has “a plan to address suspicious behavior.” Security specialist Bruce Schneier is characterized in terms of “security theater against a movie plot threat”, implying that he does not believe that these random searches will actually help improve sécurité.Metro Riders Advisory Council has recommended to the Board of WMATA Metro administration to hold at least one public meeting concerning the research program. In December 2008 [] update, Metro has not made a single bag searches. AccidentsArticle details: Incidents in the metro WashingtonPlusieurs collisions have occurred Metro Washington, causing injuries and deaths, as well as numerous derailments that have little or no injury. WMATA has been criticized for failing to comply with safety instructions and advice of experts. The three states Oversight Committee oversees WMATA, but has no regulatory power. Safety Department subway is generally responsible for investigating incidents, but can not require other departments Metro to implement its recommendations. CollisionsAccident to Shady Grove station on January 6, 1996Au during the blizzard of 1996, January 6 subway operator was killed when a train failed to stop at the Shady Grove station. The train passed four cars Wharf the station and collided with a train that was empty awaiting disposal. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation revealed that the accident was the result of a failure of the computer controlled train brake system . The NTSB recommended that subway operators, given the opportunity to manually control the braking system, even in bad weather, and recommended that Metro ban cars parked on rail tracks used by trains on arrival. Accident station Parkoo Woodley / Adams Morgan on November 3, 2004The November 3, 2004, an out-of-service Red Line train was traveling backwards in the station Parkoo Woodley / Adams Morgan and struck a train service has stopped at the platform. No one was killed but 20 people were injured. A 14-month investigation concluded that the train driver probably did not alert when the train rolled toward the station. security officials said the train had been complete at least 79 were killed. The train driver has been dismissed and Metro officials decided to add coverage to rollback more than 300 cars ferroviaire.Le June 22 2009 5:02 pm, two trains on the Red Line collided. A southbound train was heading toward Shady Grove stop on the short route to the Fort Totten station and another train heading south collided with the rear. Four cars were stacked on each other, and passengers were trapped in the train. Nine people died and 70 were injured, dozens have been described as “capable of walking wounded . According to WMATA, the trains have not been easy locating in the area when the accident occurred, but the trains were on the same track. Red Line service was suspended between Fort Totten and Takoma stations, and New Hampshire Avenue has been closed. Among the dead was the operator of the train that collided with the train arrêté.Le November 29, 2009 at about 3 a. Mr. , Two trains collided in the court of West Falls Church rail. A train came and struck the rear of another train. No customers were on board, and only minor damage to operators and cleaning staff have been reported. DéraillementsGreen Line train after January 7, 2007 déraillementLe January 13, 1982, a train derailed at a faulty filter pass south of the Federal Triangle station. In attempting to restore the train on the rails, supervisors failed to notice that another car was also derailed. The other car skidded off the runway and hit a tunnel support, killing three people and wounding 25. Coincidentally, this accident as Air Florida Flight 90 crashed into the 14th Street Bridge during a snowstorm majeure.Le January 7, 2007, a green line train carrying 120 people derailed near the Mount Vernon Square station in downtown Washington. At the time trains unique tracking, and the fifth car derailment occurred when the process of switching from south to north to follow. The accident injured at least 18 people and caused the rescue of 60 people from a tunnel. At least one person suffered a serious injury, but not mortelle.Le Mount Vernon Square incident was part of a series of five derailments of 5000-Series cars, with four of those that occur on secondary roads and does not involve passengers. On June 9, 2008, an Orange Line train (2000 series) was derailed between Rosslyn stations and Court of Chambre.Le February 12, 2010, a Red Line train derailed at about 10:13 a. Mr. as he left the station Farragut North in downtown Washington. After leaving the station, the train entered a path of pocket. As he continued, an automatic derailleur at the end of the pocket track intentionally derailing the train as a security measure. The wheels of the first two cars in the six-car train-White Flint-statements have been forced to leave the tracks, the train stopped. Almost all of the 345 passengers were evacuated from the train damage estimated by A. 11:50 m. and the NTSB arrived on the scene by 12:00 p. Mr. Two minor injuries were reported, and a third passenger was transported to George Washington University Hospital. The cause is under investigation. Securitel measures July 13, 2009, WMATA has adopted a “zero tolerance policy for train or bus operators tried using SMS or other handheld devices on the job. The new policy and stricter came after investigations into accidents transit of several United States has found that operators had been texting at the time of the accident. The policy change was announced after a passenger on an underground train on videotape operator SMS while operating the train. tarifaireVoir structure also: SmarTripface before a farecard Metro announces decreasing value résiduelleMetro rates vary depending on distance traveled and time of day to entry. During regular hours (weekdays from opening until 9:30 am and 37 pm Friday and Saturday evenings from 2:00 to closing), rates range from $ 1. 65-4 $. 50 depending on distance traveled. At other times, fares are $ 1. 45, $ 1. 95, or $ 2. 45, depending on distance traveled. Discounted rates are available for children of school, disabled and elderly. Metro charges reduced rates on federal holidays except those during which it provides services at peak times, including Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Presidents Day.Standard machine self-service machines for each pass and Farecards epost riders enter and exit the system using a stored-value card in the form of a paper tape or magnetic farecard card nearby known as SmarTrip. The amount is deducted from the card balance to the system output. Farecards are purchased primarily to vending machines in each station. Farecards can contain up to $ 45 in value and are reused up that the value of the card reaches zero, at which the map is “captured” by the output terminal. In addition, passengers can purchase passes at most farecard vending machines. Passes are used in the same manner as Farecards but riders unlimited travel grant in the system for a certain period of time. Some Metro passes into the time and distances that passes can be utilisé.Les users can add value to any farecard, but the riders must pay an exit fee if the cost of a trip is higher than the balance of their card. SmarTrip users are allowed to leave the system with a negative balance, but we must add the fee to the card before returning system. Riders may transfer free of charge provided they do not go by faregates. SmarTrip users receive a $ 0. Reduction of 50 on the bus-to-Rail and Rail transfers to bus.Le 7 January 2010, the WMATA Board approved hearings to consider a temporary rate increase of 10 cents on the rail and bus fares to take effect in April-July 2010 to fill a budget deficit. The increase was approved, has effective February 28, 2010 and will last until June 27 May 2010. futurePlan expansion of the subway system might look like in 2030, based on an April 24, 2008 the proposal to the Metro Council. In addition to Silver Line, the map shows several light rail lines, service changes, and a line of realigned Blue.WMATA expects an average of one million daily riders by 2030. The need increase capacity has renewed plans to add 220 cars to the system and reroute trains to alleviate congestion at the busiest stations. Population growth in the region has revived efforts to expand the service, construction of new stations and build additional lines. LineL’expansion Silver is the most important silver line, a 23-mile (37 km) extension of the Orange Line in Loudoun County, Virginia through Tysons Corner and Washington Dulles International Airport . Rail to Dulles has been discussed since the system opened in 1976. The current Silver Line project was officially proposed in 2002 and initially approved by the Federal Transit Administration in 2004. After several delays, federal funding for the line Silver was awarded in December 2008 and construction began in March 2009. The line will be built in two phases: Wiehle Avenue in Reston, Virginia in 2013, and Virginia Route 772, beyond the ‘Dulles Airport in 2015. réalignementBlue Line Blue Line trains share a single tunnel with orange line trains to cross the Potomac River. service tunnel current limits in each direction, creating a choke point. A proposal 2001 would have deviated from the Blue Line between Rosslyn and Stadium-Armory station by building a bridge or tunnel from Virginia to a new station in Georgetown. The proposal was later rejected because of cost. In October 2008 Metro has published a study on the possibility of rerouting some Blue Line trains on the 14th Street Bridge, which is currently used by the trains of the yellow line. The Blue Line realignment increase services in the heart of the city and relieve congestion Rosslyn tunnel. If implemented, the new service between stations in the Greenbelt and Franconiapringfield can be called a new line. Fort Belvoir and Fort Meade extensionsEn 2005, the Department of Defense announced that it would Goodwill 18,000 jobs to Fort Belvoir, Virginia and at least 5,000 jobs at Fort Meade in Maryland in 2012 as part of the base year Realignment and Closure Plan. In anticipation of such a measure, local authorities and Army has proposed extending the Blue and Green Lines to each core service. The proposed expansion of the Green Line could cost $ 100 million per mile, and an extension of light rail in Fort Belvoir has been estimated cost up to $ 800 million. Neither proposal has set deadlines for the planning or construction. gareEn Potomac Court of 2008, officials began exploring the possibility of adding a station in the area of Potomac Yard Alexandria on the blue and yellow lines between National Airport and Braddock Road stations. The project remains in the exploratory stage, and funding for construction (estimated at 150 million dollars) has not been approved. The projects not Metrorailtracé-proposed line violetteUn number of light rail and tramway projects have been proposed for urban development or complete service provided by Metro. As the Silver Line, Virginia, the proposed Purple Line was in planning since the 1980s. The project was originally designed as a railway line linking the heavy circular external stations on each branch of the Metro system, a structure roughly mirroring the Capital Beltway. This proposal to create a system of light rail in Maryland between Bethesda and New Carrollton stations-through Silver Spring and College Park. Such a plan would connect the two branches of the red line to green and orange, and reduce Travel time between stations underground in the suburbs. The project is still under regulatory approval, but received strong support from local authorities and legislators of Maryland in January 2009.The Cities Transitway Corridor (CTC) link com. http://www. pdf. http://www. pdf. http://www. pdf. http://www. pdf. http://www. pdf. http://www. pdf.
Organic Light Emitting Diodes-Smart Elements For Displays
Wednesday, July 21st, 2010Organic light emitting diode-Smart component for display. An organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a light emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. This layer of organic semiconductor material is formed between two electrodes, at least one electrode transparentes.OLED can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as mobile phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large light-emitting elements. OLEDs emit less light per unit area than inorganic solid basis LEDs.Les OLEDs have advantages over liquid crystal displays (LCDs). OLED displays require no backlight to function. Thus, they can display black levels deep and can be thinner and lighter than LCDs. The OLEDs with higher contrast ratios than LCD screens using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) or more recently developed LED.OLED components: an OLED is a device which is 100-500 nanometers of thickness, about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic matter in the latter design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer. In this article we focus on the design two couches.Une OLED consists of the following: 1. Substrate (transparent plastic, glass, aluminum) – The substrate supports the OLED .2. Anode (transparent) – The anode removes electrons (electrons adds “holes”) when a current passes through the device .3. The organic layers – These layers are made of organic molecules or polymères.4. Conductive layer – This layer is composed of organic molecules in plastic transport “holes” of the anode. A conductive polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.5. Cathode: The cathode gives electrons to the layer is com posed émissiveOLED an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, OLEDs are considered to semiconductor organiques.OLED consisted of a single organic layer of poly (p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers device to improve the efficient and effective conductive properties, layers are selected using charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual profile electronic or block a charge to reach the opposite electrode and waste. . Diagram of a two-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (-), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive layer 5. Anode (+) ofOLEDs Operation: OLEDs emit light in a manner similar to SLE, by a process called electrophosphorescence.Le process is as follows: 1. voltage is applied across the OLED .2. An electric current from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electric current is a flow of electrons). The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of molecules organiques.L anode removes electrons from the conductive layer organiques.3 molecules. At the border between the emissive and the conductive layer, electrostatic forces bring the electrons and holes towards each other and they recombine. What happens near the emissive layer, because the holes in organic semiconductors are more mobile than electrons. Recombination leads to lower energy levels of electrons, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. Hence the emissive layer is appelé.4. When this occurs, the electron gives up energy as a photon of light. OLEDs émetLight.5. The color of light depends on the type of organic molecule in the layer émissive.Les manufacturers several types of organic films on the same OLED screens produce couleurs.6. when the anode is placed at a negative potential with respect to the cathode, then move the holes and electrons Toth anode to the cathode, so they move away from each other and do not recombine. In this case OLED is not functioning as a transmitter of lumière.7. The intensity or brightness of light depends on the amount of electric current applied: the current addition, the brightest of the lumière8. OLED anode must have high work function cathode material which must have workfunction low. so generally the indium tin oxide is used as anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes in the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminum and calcium are often used for the cathode where they have work functions which promote little electron injection layer in OLED polymèreTypes: There are several types of OLED and each différentes.1 guy uses. Matrix OLED passive2. In active matrix OLED3. Transparent OLED4. Top electroluminescent OLED5. OLED pliable6. White OLEDOLED passive matrix (PMOLED) PMOLEDs have bands cathode, organic layers and bands of the anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and the anode form the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels are turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of current appliqué.PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more energy than other types of OLED, mainly because of the power required for the circuit externally. PMOLEDs are most effective for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2 – to 3-inch), such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuit, passive matrix OLEDs consume less power than LCD for the full moment.AMOLEDs have layers from the cathode, organic molecules and the anode, but the anode layer includes a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. Table TFT itself is the circuit that determines which pixels are lit to form a image.AMOLEDs consume less energy than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than the external circuits, so they are effective for large screens. AMOLED also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The AMOLED are better uses for computer monitors, big screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards affichageTransparent OLEDs OLEDs are transparent only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and when they are extinct, are up 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is activated, it lets the light in both directions. A transparent OLED may be either active or passive matrix. This technology can be used for the heads-up displays. TOLEDO can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to display in full sun. This technology can be used in head-up displays, smart windows or applications actually emitting OLED OLED augmentéeTop High emitting substrate that is opaque or reflective. They are best suited to the design and active matrix. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLEDs cards puce.OLED OLEDFoldable foldable substrates have very flexible sheet metal or plastic. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create “smart” clothes, such as clothing, outdoor survival with an embedded computer chip, cellphone, GPS receiver and sewn in elle.White OLED OLED OLEDWhite emit white light is brighter, more uniform and more efficient than those emitted by fluorescent lamps. White OLEDs also possess the true color of incandescents. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lamps that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could reduce energy costs for lighting. In the next section, we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of OLED technology and how it compares to regular LED and OLED technology LCD.Stacked OLEDStacked (soles ) uses a stacked pixel architecture sub-pixels red, green and blue on top of each other instead of side by side, causing a significant increase in color gamut and color depth, and greatly reduce divide the pixel. Currently, other display technologies have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other a resolution lower potentiel.Inverted OLEDContrairement a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, reversed OLED (IOLED) uses a cathode bottom, which can be connected to the end of a drain N-channel TFT especially for motherboards, low-cost amorphous silicon TFT useful in the manufacture of AMOLED displays. [44] Benefits OLEDOLED offer many benefits to both the LCD and LED: 1. The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.2. Because the light emitting layer of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible rather than rigides.3. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than glass used for LEDs and LCD.4. OLEDs are brighter than LED.5. Because the organic layers of OLEDs are much thinner than the corresponding layers of a crystal inorganic LEDs, emitting and conducting layers of an OLED can be multi-couches.6. LEDs and LCDs require glass for support and the glass absorbs light. OLEDs do not require verre.7. OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. Since OLEDs generate light SE8. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less energy than LCDs. This is especially important for battery operated devices like telephones cellulaires.9. OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made for larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made large, leaves minces.10. OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider range of visionnement.Inconvénients OLEDOLED seems to be the ideal technology for all types of screens, but it also has some problems: 1. Life – while red and green OLED films have longer lifetime (46,000 to 230,000 hours), organic matter present in blue have lifetime much shorter (to about 14,000 hours .- manufacturing processes are right dear maintenant.2. Water – Water can damage OLEDs facilement.questions couleursLe balance of material used to produce blue OLED degrades much more rapidly than other materials that produce colors Blue light output falls relative to other colors of light. This color change differential output will change the color balance of the screen and is much more sensitive than the overall decrease in luminance. This can be partially avoided by adjusting color balance, but may require control circuits and advanced user interaction, which is unacceptable for some utilisateurs.D other BusinessComponent Maximus Optimus keyboard developed by Art. Lebedev Studio published in early 2008 using 113 48 × 48-pixel OLED (10. 1 × 10. 1 mm) can be used clés.OLEDs its high resolution Holography (Volumetric display). Professor Orbit showed May 12, 2007, exhibition Lisbon World of the potential application of these materials to reproduce a video image in three dimensions. [edit] OLEDs could also be used as light sources in semiconductors. efficiency and lifetime of OLED already exceed those incandescent bulbs, and are studied worldwide OLED as a source of general lighting, an example is the EU project OLLA. [75] On March 11, 2008 GE Global Research has demonstrated the first successful roll- to-roll manufactured OLED, marking an important step toward the efficient production of OLED technology commercially. The fourth year, 13 million dollar research project was conducted by GE Global Research, Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. and the National Institute Standards and Technology. [76] [77] Chi Mei Corporation, Taiwan, demonstrated a 25 “low temperature polysilicon active matrix OLED Society Information Displays (SID) conference in Los Angeles, CA, USA on 20 to 22 May 2008.The June 5, 2009 DuPont has demonstrated a new material that can be printed, said solution deposition. The breakthrough is the ability to produce economically sustainable and scalable OLED screens at the International Symposium 2009 May 31 June 5, 2009, Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center, San Antonio, TX, USAL’utilisation of OLED is also being studied to treat cancer by photodynamic therapy. [78] August 30 2009, South Korea’s LG Electronics said it would launch a 15-inch television set with the AM-OLED displays for sale in November. [79] [80] According to iSuppli Corp., [81] upward movement Shipments of OLED displays for primary cell phone is their expectation in the coming years. They said global shipments of OLED displays main cell phone would increase to 178 million units in 2015, against 22. 2 million in 2009. other words, transfers will grow eight times in 2015. Therefore, it is clear that the manufacture of OLED and OLED devices from Samsung, DuPont, Anwell, Chi Mei Corporation, etc. has increased dramatically in recent years . References ^ Ab Sony XEL-1: The First World OLED TV, OLED-Info. com November 17, 2008 ^ A. Bernanos, M. Comte, P. Vouaux, J. Chem. Phys. 1953, 50, 64. ^ A. Bernanos, P. Vouaux, J. Chem. Phys. 1953, 50, 261. Bernanos ^ A., J. Chem. Phys. 1955, 52, 396. ^ A. Bernanos, P. Vouaux, J. Chem. Phys. 1955, 52, 509.Kallmann ^, H., Pope, M. (1960). “positive hole injection in organic crystals.” The Journal of Chemical Physics 32: 300. DOI: 10. 1063 / 1. 1700925.Kallmann ^, H., Pope, M. 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Convey A Better Image with Engraved Business Cards
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